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书名：	Molecular To Global Photosynthesis
作者：	Archer, Mary D; Barber, James
出版时间：	2004-01-01
ISBN：	9781860942563(P-ISBN) ，9781860945496(O-ISBN)
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Molecular to Global Photosynthesis CONTENTS About the Authors Preface 1 Photosynthesis and photoconversion J. Barber and M. D. Archer 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Photosynthesis as the creator of fossil fuels and biomass 1.1.2 Photosynthesis and the modern atmosphere 1.1.3 Fluxes and sinks of photosynthetic carbon 1.1.4 Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis 1.2 Evolution and progress of ideas 1.2.1 Evolution of photosynthetic organisms 1.2.2 Landmarks in photosynthesis research 1.3 The ‘blue print’ of the photosynthetic apparatus 1.3.1 Reaction centres 1.3.2 Light-harvesting systems 1.3.3 Photosynthetic membranes 1.3.4 Energetics of electron-transfer processes in reaction centres 1.3.5 Reaction centre structures 1.3.6 The dark reactions of photosynthesis 1.4 Energy-storage efficiency of photosynthesis 1.4.1 Carbohydrates 1.4.2 Gross efficiency ignoring respiration 1.4.3 Net efficiency allowing for respiration 1.4.4 Efficiencies achieved in wild and cultivated crops 1.5 Energy and chemicals from biomass References 2 Light absorption and harvesting A. Holzwarth 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 The photosynthetic unit 2.1.2 Why are antenna systems necessary?2.2 Theoretical aspects of energy transfer in photosynthetic antennae 2.2.1 Forster energy transfer 2.2.2 Coherent exciton motion 2.3 General principles of organisation of light-harvesting antennae 2.3.1 Chlorophylls and carotenoids 2.4 Structural and functional basis for light absorption and harvesting 2.4.1 Photosystem I 2.4.2 Photosystem II core antenna complex 2.4.3 Peripheral LHCll complex of PSII and minor light-harvesting complexes 2.4.4 The role of carotenoids in PSII 2.4.5 Supraorganisation of light-harvesting systems in Photosystem II 2.4.6 Purple photosynthetic bacterial antennae systems 2.4.7 Non-protein containing antenna systems of green bacteria chlorosomes)2.4.8 The FMO complex 2.5 Concluding remarks References 3 Electron transfer in photosynthesis W. Leibl and P. Mathis 3.1 Biological electron transfer 3.1.1 Energetics and kinetics of electron transfer 3.2 Electron transfer in anoxygenic photosynthesis 3.2.1 The electron-transfer chain in anoxygenic photosynthetic systems 3.2.2 The reaction centre of purple photosynthetic bacteria 3.2.3 The bc1 complex 3.2.4 The reaction centre of green sulphur bacteria and Heliobacteria 3.3 Electron transfer in oxygenic photosynthesis 3.3.1 Overall electron transfer: the Z-scheme 3.3.2 Photosystem II reaction centre 3.3.3 Photosystem I 3.4 Photosynthetic electron transfer: importance of kinetics 3.4.1 Electron transfer theory: factors governing kinetics 3.4.2 The role of the driving force G 3.4.3 The role of the reorganisation energy 3.4.4 The role of the distance r 3.4.5 Primary charge separation Editors’ note added in proof References 4 Photosynthetic carbon assimilation G. E. Edwards and D. A. Walker 4.1 Environmental and metabolic role 4.2 Chloroplast and cell 4.3 C3 photosynthesis in its relation to the photochemistry 4.4 The Colvin cycle 4.4.1 Carboxylation 4.4.2 Mechanism 4.4.3 Reduction 4.4.4 Regeneration 4.4.4 The phosphate translocator 4.5 Autocatalysis: adding to the triose phosphate pool 4.6 Photorespiration 4.6.1 Photorespiration via the Mehler-peroxidase reaction 4.6.2 Photorespiration via RuBP oxygenase 4.7 CO2-concentrating mechanisms 4.7.1 CAM plants 4.7.2 C4 plants 4.8 Survival and efficiencies of photosynthesis References 5 Regulation of photosynthesis in higher plants D. Godde and J. F. Bornman 5.1 Anatomy, morphology and genetic basis of photosynthesis in higher plants 5.1.1 Genetic basis 5.1.2 Anatomical and morphological leaf features 5.1.3 Chloroplast ultrastructure and composition of the photosynthetic apparatus 5.2 Adaptation of photosynthetic electron transport to excess irradiance 5.2.1 Reversible down-regulation of Photosystem II by non-radiative quenching of excitation energy 5.2.2 Irreversible inactivation of PSII 5.2.3 Inactivation of the PSI reaction centre 5.2.4 Repair of inactivated PSII centres by D1 protein turnover 5.3 Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport by CO2 and oxygen 5.4 Feedback regulation of photosynthesis 5.4.1 Regulation of chloroplast metabolism by phosphate availability 5.4.2 Interaction between photosynthesis and assimilate transport 5.5 Factors limiting plant growth 5.5.1 Low temperatures 5.5.2 High temperatures 5.5.2 Arid climates 5.5.3 Mineral deficiencies 5.6 Possible plant responses to future climate changes 5.6.1 High CO2 5.6.2 High tropospheric ozone 5.6.3 Enhanced UV-B radiation 5.7 Improving plant biomass References 6 The role of aquatic photosynthesis in solar energy conversion: a geoevolutionary perspective P. G. Falkowski, R. Geider and J. A. Raven 6.1 Introduction 6.2 From the origin of life to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis 6.2.1 The cyanobacteria 6.2.2 The eukaryotes 6.3 Photophysiological adaptations to aquatic environments 6.3.1 Cell size 6.3.2 Light and its utilisation 6.3.3 Temperature selection 6.4 Quantum yields of photosynthesis in the ocean 6.5 Net primary production in the contemporary ocean 6.6 Biogeochemical controls and consequences References 7 Useful products from algal photosynthesis R. Martinez and Z. Dubinsky 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Microalgae 7.2.1 Aquaculture and animal feed 7.2.2 Wastewater treatment systems 7.2.3 Health food for human consumption 7.2.4 Specific products from microalgae 7.2.5 Culture systems 7.3 Macroalgae 7.3.1 Food products and animal feed 7.3.2 Wastewater treatment and integrated systems 7.3.3 Agricultural uses 7.3.4 Specific products from macroalgae 7.3.5 Culture systems 7.4 Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References 8 Hydrogen production by photosynthetic microorganisms V. A. Boichenko, E. Greenbaum and M. Seibert 8.1 Photobiological hydrogen production—a useful evolutionary oddity 8.2 Distribution and activity of H2 photoproducers 8.2.1 Photosynthetic bacteria 8.2.2 Cyanobacteria 8.2.3 Algae 8.3 Structure and mechanism of the enzymes catalysing Hz production 8.3.1 Nitrogenases 8.3.2 Hydrogenases 8.4 Metabolic versatility and conditions for hydrogen evolution 8.5 Quantum and energetic efficiencies of hydrogen photoproduction 8.6 Hydrogen production biotechnology 8.6.1 Hydrogen-producing systems 8.6.2 Photobioreactors 8.7 Future prospects Acknowledgments Note added in proof References 9 Photoconversion and energy crops M. J. Bullard 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Definitions 9.2 Why grow energy crops?9.2.1 The importance of renewables 9.2.2 Biomass and energy crop classification by resource sector 9.2.3 Future trends 9.2.3 Future trends 9.2.4 Discounting carbon sinks 9.2.4 The contribution of BECs to CO2 abatement 9.2.5 Available resources for biomass and energy cropping 9.2.6 The policy framework for energy cropping 9.2.7 Examples of existing biomass and energy crop production programmes United Kingdom United States of America Brazil Sweden 9.3 The nature of biomass 9.3.1 Chemical composition, energy and moisture content 9.3.2 Conversion routes, current species used and expected yields Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Bio-ethanol Biodiesel 9.3.3 Crop species and yields 9.3.4 Questions of scale 9.4 Physiological and agronomic basis of energy capture and the selection of appropriate energy crop species 9.4.1 Photosynthesis—an inefficient process Global productivity patterns 9.4.2 Striving for the ideal energy crop 9.4.3 Photosynthetic pathways 9.4.4 Radiation interception 9.4.5 Canopy structure and duration 9.4.6 Pests and pathogens 9.4.7 Radiation use efficiency 9.4.8 Plant–water relations 9.4.9 Moisture content at harvest 9.4.10 Crop density 9.4.11 Nutrient supply, nutrient status and soils 9.4.12 Potential sites for energy cropping 9.4.13 Soil preparation, crop planting, harvest and storage 9.4.14 Energy balance 9.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References 10 The production of biofuels by thermal chemical processing of biomass A. V. Bridgwater and K. Maniatis 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Biological conversion summary 10.1.2 Biomass resources 10.2 Thermal conversion processes 10.3 Gasification 10.3.1 Downdraft—fixed bed reactors 10.3.2 Updraf—fixed bed reactors 10.3.3 Bubbling fluid beds 10.3.4 Circulating fluid beds 10.3.5 Twin fluid beds 10.3.6 Entrained beds 10.3.7 Other reactors 10.3.8 Pressurised gasification 10.3.9 Oxygen gasification 10.3.10 Integrated gasification combined cycles The Varnamo Plant is Sweden The ARBRE Plant in Yorkshire, UK 10.3.11 Status of biomass gasification technology 10.3.12 Fuel gas quality 10.3.13 Gas clean-up 10.3.14 Hot gas clean-up for particulates 10.3.15 Tar destruction Catalytic cracking and reforming Thermal cracking 10.3.16 Tar removal 10.3.17 Alkali metals 10.3.18 Fuel-bound nitrogen 10.3.19 Sulphur and chlorine 10.3.20 Applications of product gas 10.3.21 Electricity 10.3.22 Transport fuels and other chemicals 10.3.23 Summary 10.4 Pyrolysis 10.4.1 Principles 10.4.2 Bubbling fluid beds 10.4.3 Circulating fluid bed and transported bed reactors 10.4.4 Ablative pyrolysis 10.4.5 Entrained flow 10.4.6 Rotating cone 10.4.7 Vacuum pyrolysis 10.4.8 Heat transfer 10.4.9 Summary and status 10.4.10 Char removal 10.4.11 Liquids collection 10.4.12 By-products 10.4.13 Pyrolysis liquid—bio-oil 10.4.14 Physical upgrading of bio-oil 10.4.15 Chemical upgrading of bio-oil 10.4.16 Application of bio-oil 10.4.17 Overall fast pyrolysis system 10.4.18 Status and summary 10.5 Co-processing 10.5.1 Challenges Solid biomass Charcoal from pyrolysis Liquid fuel from fast pyrolysis Gas fuel from pyrolysis and gasification Mixed-feed gasification and pyrolysis 10.5.2 Co-firing case studies The Lahti Plant The BioCoComb Plant in Zeltweg The AMER project 10.6 Economics of thermal conversion systems for electricity production 10.7 Barriers 10.8 Conclusions References 11 Photosynthesis and the global carbon cycle D. Schimel 11.1 The contemporary carbon cycle 11.2 The modern carbon budget 11.3 Photosynthesis as a carbon storage process 11.4 Assimilation and respiration 11.5 CO2 fertilisation 11.6 Global warming and the carbon cycle Acknowledgements References 12 Management of terrestrial vegetation to mitigate climate change R. Tipper and R. Carr 12.1 Potential carbon management activities in the forestry and land use sectors 12.1.1 Afforestation /reforestation 12.1.2 Management and conservation of existing forests 12.1.3 Substitution of fossil fuels and materials 12.1.4 Other land use activities 12.2 Forests and land use in the Kyoto Protocol 12.3 Climate change management, carbon assets and liabilities 12.4 Experiences and issues arising from land use and forestry projects designed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions 12.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement Useful websites References 13 Biotechnology: its impact and future prospects D. J. Murphy 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Microbial biotechnology 13.1.2 Agricultural biotechnology 13.2 Background 13.2.1 Scientific developments 13.2.2 Population growth and agriculture 13.2.3 Global petroleum resources 13.2.4 The opportunity 13.3 Agbiotech: current applications 13.3.1 Marker-assisted selection 13.3.2 Transgenic crops: a restricted but growing list of target species 13.3.3 Engineering input traits 13.3.4 Engineering output traits 13.4 Transgenic crops: the future 13.4.1 Complex traits 13.4.2 Environmental stress 13.4.3 Pathway engineering 13.4.4 Protein engineering 13.4.5 Molecular pharming: the expression of high-value products 13.4.6 Transgenic tree crops 13.4.7 Microalgae 13.5 Challenges for transgenic crops 13.5.1 Scientific issues 13.5.2 Management and segregation of transgenic crops 13.5.3 Addressing public concerns 13.6 Developing new crops 13.6.1 Challenges for new crops 13.6.2 Using biotechnology to develop new crops 13.7 Future directions for agricultural biotechnology 13.7.1 Commercial background 13.7.2 Public versus private research 13.7.3 The political dimension 13.7.4 Economics: problems of scale and value 13.8 Conclusions References Appendices I Conversion Factors II Acronyms and Abbreviations III List of Symbols Index

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