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书名: Decontamination of Fresh and Minimally Processed Produce
作者: Gomez-Lopez, Vicente M.; Gomez-Lopez, Vicente M
出版时间: 2012-02-03
ISBN: 9780813823843(P-ISBN) ,9781118229309(O-ISBN)
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Decontamination of Fresh and Minimally Processed ProduceContentsPrefaceList of ContributorsSECTION I PRODUCE CONTAMINATION1 Microbial ecology1.1 Introduction1.2 Sources of preharvest contamination1.3 Fate of pathogen contamination in plant production systems1.3.1 Experimental studies – field studies versus growth chamber studies1.3.2 Rhizosphere and bulk soil systems1.3.3 Phyllosphere1.4 Molecular and biochemical responses of enteric pathogens and plant hosts1.4.1 Mechanisms employed by enteric pathogens to survive as plant endophytes or epiphytes1.4.2 Mechanisms employed by plant hosts to resist invasion by enteric pathogens1.5 Cross-contamination of enteric pathogens to produce during harvest1.6 Concluding commentsReferences2 Surface characteristics of fresh produce and their impacton attachment and removal of human pathogens on produce surfaces2.1 Introduction2.2 Produce surface characteristics2.2.1 Surface topography2.2.2 Surface hydrophobicity2.3 Means to determine produce surface characteristics2.3.1 Determination of surface roughness2.3.2 Surface roughness determination with CLSM2.3.3 Determination of hydrophobicity2.4 Effect of surface characteristics on attachment and removal of human pathogens2.4.1 Effect of surface roughness2.4.2 Effect of hydrophobicity2.4.3 Effect of hydrodynamicsReferences3 Biofilms3.1 Introduction3.2 Biofilm formation3.3 Presence of biofilms on the produce surface3.4 Antimicrobial resistance of biofilms versus planktonic cells3.5 PerspectiveReferences4 Resistance and sublethal damage4.1 Introduction4.2 Basic concepts4.2.1 Definitions4.2.2 Chemical interventions used in the produce industry4.2.3 Physical interventions used in the produce industry4.2.4 Mode of action of biocides, food antimicrobials, and physical treatments4.3 Stress and resistance to biocides and antimicrobial physical treatments4.4 Implications of stress, resistance, and sublethal damage in fresh produce decontaminationReferencesSECTION II DECONTAMINANTS5 Produce washers5.1 Basic concepts5.2 Types of washers5.2.1 Immersion washers5.2.2 Non-immersion washers5.3 Factors influencing the efficacy of washing5.3.1 Time of contamination5.3.2 Sanitation practices5.3.3 Water quality5.3.4 Surfactants and antimicrobials5.3.5 Pathogen internalization5.4 ConclusionAcknowledgmentReferences6 Minimal processing6.1 Introduction6.2 Effect of minimal processing on pathogenic bacteria6.3 Effect of minimal processing on spoilage bacteria6.4 Effect of minimal processing on vegetable physiology6.5 Effect of minimal processing on quality and shelf life6.6 Effect of minimal processing on nutritional and phytochemical composition6.7 ConclusionReferences7 Chlorine7.1 Definition7.2 Inactivation mechanism7.3 Effect of chlorine on pathogenic microorganisms7.4 Effect of chlorine on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life7.5 Effect of chlorine on vegetable physiology7.6 Effect of chlorine on sensory quality7.7 Effect of chlorine on nutritional and phytochemical composition7.8 Chlorine residues and formation of toxic by-products7.9 Regulatory statusReferences8 Electrolyzed oxidizing water8.1 Definition8.2 Generation devices8.3 Inactivation mechanism and factors affecting EO efficacy8.4 Effect of EO water on pathogenic microorganisms8.5 Effect of EO water on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life8.6 Effects of EO water on vegetable physiology8.7 Effect of EO water on sensory quality8.8 Effect of EO water on nutritional and phytochemical composition8.9 Residues and formation of toxic by-products8.10 Regulatory statusReferences9 Chlorine dioxide9.1 Definition and generalities9.2 Inactivation mechanism9.3 Effect of chlorine dioxide on pathogenic microorganisms9.4 Spoilage and shelf life9.5 Sensory quality9.6 Effect of chlorine dioxide on vegetable physiology9.7 Effect of chlorine dioxide on nutritional and phytochemical composition9.8 Residues and toxic by-products9.9 Legal frameworkReferences10 Ozone10.1 Definition10.2 Generation devices10.3 Inactivation mechanism10.4 Effect of ozone on pathogenic microorganisms10.5 Effect of ozone on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life10.6 Effect of ozone on vegetable physiology10.7 Effect of ozone on sensory quality10.8 Effect of ozone on nutritional and phytochemical composition10.9 Ozone residues and formation of toxic by-products10.10 Regulatory statusReferences11 Hydrogen peroxide11.1 Introduction11.2 Definition of hydrogen peroxide11.3 Inactivation mechanism11.4 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on pathogenic microorganisms11.5 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life11.6 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on vegetable physiology11.7 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on sensory quality11.8 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on nutritional and phytochemical composition11.9 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on residues and formation of toxic by-productsReferences12 Peroxyacetic acid12.1 Definition12.2 Inactivation mechanism12.3 Effect of PAA on pathogenic microorganisms12.4 Effect of PAA on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life12.5 Effect of PAA on vegetable physiology12.6 Effect of PAA on sensory quality12.7 Effect of PAA on nutritional and phytochemical composition12.8 PAA residues and formation of toxic by-products12.9 Regulatory statusReferences13 Essential oils for the treatment of fruit and vegetables13.1 Introduction to essential oils13.1.1 Decontamination in the fruit and vegetable industry13.1.2 Definition of essential oils13.2 Inactivation mechanism of essential oils13.2.1 The mechanisms of action of essential oils13.2.2 Effect of essential oil profile on mechanism of action13.2.3 Other factors that affect the mechanism of action of essential oils13.3 Effect of essential oils on microorganisms13.3.1 Effect of essential oils on pathogenic microorganisms13.3.2 Effect of essential oils on spoilage microorganisms13.3.3 Effect of essential oils on Gram-positive versus Gram-negative microorganisms13.3.4 Effect of specific essential oils on microorganisms13.4 Effect of essential oils on fruit and vegetable physiology13.5 Effect of essential oils on sensory quality13.6 Effect of essential oils on nutritional and phytochemical composition13.7 Toxicity of essential oils13.8 Regulatory status of essential oilsReferences14 Edible films and coatings14.1 Definition14.2 Composition and application of edible films and coatings14.3 Edible films and coatings as antimicrobials14.3.1 Edible films and coatings with antimicrobial properties14.3.2 Antimicrobial agents incorporated into edible films and coatings14.3.3 Methods to evaluate effectiveness of antimicrobial films and coatings14.3.4 Effect of edible coatings on pathogenic microorganisms14.3.5 Effect of edible coatings on microbial spoilage and shelf life14.4 Effect of edible coatings on vegetable physiology14.5 Effect of edible coatings on sensory quality14.6 Effect of edible coatings on nutritional aspects14.7 Toxicity14.8 Regulatory statusReferences15 Miscellaneous decontaminants15.1 Introduction15.2 Acidified sodium chlorite15.3 Lactic acid15.4 Calcinated calcium15.5 Levulinic acid15.6 Benzalkonium chlorideReferencesSECTION III BIOLOGICAL DECONTAMINATION STRATEGIES16 Bacteriophages16.1 Introduction16.2 Inactivation mechanism16.3 Effect of bacteriophages on pathogenic microorganisms16.3.1 Lytic bacteriophages and leafy greens16.3.2 Lytic bacteriophages and tomatoes16.3.3 Lytic bacteriophages and sprouts16.3.4 Lytic bacteriophages and melons16.3.5 Lytic bacteriophages and apples16.3.6 Lytic bacteriophages and hard surfaces16.4 Risks to human health16.5 Regulatory status16.6 ConclusionsReferences17 Protective cultures17.1 Basic concepts17.2 Effect of protective cultures on pathogenic microorganisms17.3 Effect of protective cultures on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life17.4 Effect of protective cultures on sensory quality and nutritional and phytochemical composition17.5 Risks to health17.6 Regulatory statusReferences18 Bacteriocins18.1 Definition18.2 Inactivation mechanism18.3 Effect of bacteriocins on pathogenic microorganisms18.4 Effect of bacteriocins on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life18.5 Effect of bacteriocins on sensory quality and nutritional and phytochemical composition18.6 Toxicity18.7 Regulatory statusReferences19 Quorum sensing19.1 Introduction19.2 Quorum sensing: basic concepts19.3 Quorum sensing and vegetable spoilage19.4 Quorum sensing and biofilm formation19.5 Quorum sensing interference and food industryReferencesSECTION IV PHYSICAL METHODS20 The use of mild heat treatment for fruit and vegetable processing20.1 Introduction to the use of mild heat treatment for fruit and vegetable processing20.2 Definition of heat treatment20.3 Mechanism of action of heat treatment20.4 Effect of mild heat treatment on microorganisms20.5 Effect of mild heat treatment on fruit and vegetable physiology20.5.1 The responses of plant tissue to heat treatment20.5.2 Effect of mild heat treatment on respiration and ethylene production20.5.3 Effect of mild heat treatment on quality20.5.4 Effect of mild heat treatment on weight loss20.6 Effect of mild heat treatment on fruit and vegetable sensory quality20.6.1 Effect of mild heat treatment on texture20.6.2 Effect of mild heat treatment on color20.6.3 Effect of mild heat treatment on other sensory characteristics20.7 Effect of mild heat treatment on nutritional and phytochemical composition of fruit and vegetables20.8 Safety and implications of heat treatmentReferences21 Continuous UV-C light21.1 Definition21.2 Inactivation mechanism21.3 Effect of continuous UV light on pathogenic microorganisms21.4 Effect of continuous UV light on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life21.5 Effect of continuous UV light on vegetable physiology21.6 Effect of continuous UV light on sensory quality21.7 Effect of continuous UV-C light on nutritional and phytochemical composition21.8 Toxicity21.9 Regulatory statusReferences22 Ionizing radiation22.1 Definition22.2 Inactivation mechanism22.3 Effect of ionizing radiation on pathogenic microorganisms22.4 Effect of ionizing radiation on spoilage microorganisms and shelf life22.5 Effect of ionizing radiation on physiology22.5.1 Ethylene production and respiration22.5.2 Enzymes involved in tissue browning22.5.3 Enzymes involved in tissue softening22.5.4 Other enzymes22.6 Effects of ionizing radiation on sensory quality22.6.1 Reduction of losses in quality22.7 Effect of ionizing radiation on nutritional and phytochemical composition22.7.1 Vitamin C22.8 Toxicity22.9 Regulatory statusDisclaimerReferences23 Miscellaneous physical methods23.1 Introduction23.2 Pulsed light23.3 Photosensitization23.4 Low-temperature plasma23.5 Steamer jet injection23.6 Radio-frequency heating23.7 Vacuum–steam–vacuum23.8 Power ultrasoundReferences24 Hurdle technology principles applied in decontamination of whole and fresh-cut produce24.1 Introduction24.2 Mild technologies: whole and fresh-cut hurdles: Summing up steps for decontamination24.3 “All that washing”: Washing and sanitizing treatments for the produce industry24.4 To kill or not to kill: Safety without having a true kill step24.5 Combination of whole and fresh-cut hurdles24.6 Final remarksAcknowledgmentsReferencesSECTION V STORAGE STRATEGIES25 Modified atmosphere packaging25.1 Basic concepts25.2 Relevant case studies of passive and active MAP25.2.1 Vegetables25.2.2 Fruit25.3 Mathematical models to optimize headspace conditions for packaging minimally processed food25.3.1 Steady-state conditions25.3.2 Transient conditionsReferences26 Cold chain26.1 Introduction26.2 Cold chain26.3 Sustainability of the cold chain26.4 Cold chain and safety26.5 Cold chain framework26.6 Cold chain and quality26.7 The cold chain and fresh produce distribution26.7.1 Precooling26.7.2 Convective-air and evaporative cooling26.7.3 Contact or package icing26.7.4 Hydrocooling26.7.5 Forced-air cooling26.7.6 Vacuum cooling26.7.7 Cryogenic cooling26.7.8 Freeze chilling26.8 Transportation26.9 Retail display26.10 Compliance in the cold chain26.11 Monitoring the cold chain26.11.1 The use of sensors in cold chain assessment26.12 Cold chain assessmentAcknowledgmentReferencesSECTION VI MODELING TOOLS27 Modeling microbial responses during decontamination processes27.1 Introduction27.2 Experiment design27.2.1 Design of experiments DOE)27.2.2 Optimal experiment design for parameter estimation OED/PE)27.2.3 Implementations of OED/PE for microbial inactivation modeling27.3 Model structure selection)27.3.1 Kinetic modeling27.3.2 Probabilistic modeling27.3.3 Dose–response modeling27.3.4 Parameter estimation27.4 Model validation27.4.1 Model validation data27.4.2 Graphical model structure and performance evaluation27.4.3 Quantitative model structure and performance evaluation27.5 ConclusionsReferences28 Modeling microbial growth28.1 Introduction28.2 Logistic model28.3 Gompertz equation28.4 Baranyi equation28.5 Shelf life evaluation: the classical approach28.6 The stability time28.7 The risk time28.8 Mathematical modeling: some key limitationsReferencesIndex
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