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书名：	Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines
作者：	Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Staff; Committee on Toxicology
出版时间：	2000-10-18
ISBN：	9780309071345(P-ISBN) ，9780309563000(O-ISBN)
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摘要：

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Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines Copyright OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY Preface Contents Abbreviations Executive Summary WATER CONTAMINANT SOURCES RANKING CONTAMINANTS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT DATA FOR ESTABLISHING SWEGS RISK ASSESSMENT SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NASA EXPOSURE GUIDELINES SET BY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 1 Introduction WATER CONTAMINANTS APPROACH TO THE STUDY REFERENCES 2 Sources, Treatment, and Monitoring Of Spacecraft Water Contaminants OVERVIEW DESIGN DRIVERS ISS WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS SOURCES OF SPACECRAFT WATER CONTAMINATION HUMAN URINE Untreated Urine Chemical Treatment and Distillation By-Products HUMIDITY CONDENSATE Condensate Sample Results Water Recovery Test Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project Space Shuttle Mir Humidity Condensate Environmental Contributors to Spacecraft Humidity Condensate Hardware Off-Gassing Animal Wastes Mechanical Leaks Microbial Metabolites Payload Chemicals Utility Chemicals WASH WATER AND OTHER WASTE STREAMS Hygiene Water Detergents Chemicals from Personal Hygiene Products CHeCS Wastes CHEMICALS FORMED IN THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM FAILURES AND INCOMPLETE PROCESSING OF INFLUENT CHEMICALS ADDED TO RETARD BACTERIAL GROWTH Iodine Silver REGENERATED WATER Inorganic Contaminants Shuttle Humidity Condensates Mir Humidity Condensates and Mir Reclaimed Water LMLSTP 60-d Product Water ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS Humidity Condensate in Mir LMLSTP 60-d Product Water Stage-10 WRT MONITORING WATER CONTAMINANTS SOURCE-WATER MONITORING In-Line Monitoring and Process Control Off-Line Monitoring SUMMARY REFERENCES 3 Sources and Types of Data for Establishing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A TOXICANT HUMAN STUDIES ANIMAL STUDIES IN VITRO TOXICITY STUDIES ADVANCES IN HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS MUTAGENESIS MECHANISTIC STUDIES SUMMARY REFERENCES 4 Risk Assessment Methods for Determining Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Risk Assessment for Noncarcinogenic Effects Risk Assessment for Carcinogenic Effects RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO RISK ASSESSMENT Exploiting Similarities of Historical Approaches Benchmark-Dose Approach to Setting SWEGs BMD CALCULATION Central Estimate Versus Confidence Limit Estimating BMDp for Various Toxic Effects EXPOSURE CONVERSION Target Tissue Dose Differences in Duration Species Conversions Different Routes UNCERTAINTY FACTORS Exposure Duration Uncertainty Interspecies Uncertainty Experimental Variation BMD10 to BMD01 Environmental Effects Other Factors SETTING SWEGS Overall Uncertainty Factor Mixtures of Chemicals Multiple Toxic End Points Comparisons with Established Values ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES Integrated PBPK and BBDR Models Ordinal Regression Change-Point Dose-Response Models SUMMARY REFERENCES 5 Ranking Spacecraft Contaminants For Risk Assessment APPROACHES TO RISK PRIORITIZATION AD HOC APPROACH AD HOC APPROACH WITH FACTORS SPECIFIED FORMAL SYSTEM WITH PARAMETERS, WEIGHTS, AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS SPECIFIED FLEXIBILITY OF RISK PRIORITIZATION SUMMARY REFERENCES Appendix A Water Reclamation Systems on Mir And the International Space Station MIRWATER-RECOVERY SYSTEMS HUMIDITY CONDENSATE PROCESSING FILTER-REACTOR CATALYTIC OXIDATION URINE PROCESSING U.S. WATER-PROCESSING SYSTEM URINE PROCESSING COMBINED URINE AND WASTEWATER PROCESSING MULTIFILTRATION SUBSYSTEM VOLATILE REMOVAL ASSEMBLY REQUIREMENTS, PROPOSED LIMITS, AND MONITORING REFERENCES Appendix B Benchmark Dose Estimation DERIVING BENCHMARK DOSES FOR 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE NONQUANTAL RESPONSE DATA HIGHLY VARIABLE QUANTAL DATA CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS DISCUSSION DERIVING BMDS FOR BOTULINUM TOXIN, VINYL CHLORIDE, AND AFLATOXIN REFERENCES Appendix C Biographical Information on the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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