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书名：	Condensed-Matter Physics
作者：	National Research Council Staff
出版时间：	1986-01-01
ISBN：	9780309035774(P-ISBN) ，9780309568043(O-ISBN)
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Condensed-Matter Physics Copyright Preface Contents I Highlights, Opportunities, and Needs CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS AND ITS IMPORTANCE DISCOVERY Artificially Structured Materials The Quantized Hall Effect Effects of Reduced Dimensionality Charge-Density Waves Disorder Mixed Valence and Heavy Fermions The Superfluid Phases of 3He The Renormalization Group Methods Chaotic Phenomena in Time and Space Widespread Use of Synchrotron Radiation Atomic Resolution Experimental Probes RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE NEEDS OF CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE Support for Individual Researchers MANPOWER INSTRUMENTATION COMPUTATION FUNDING Support for National Facilities NEUTRON FACILITIES SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES RECOMMENDATIONS HIGH-MAGNETIC-FIELD FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING NATIONAL FACILITIES University-Industry-Government Relations II A Decade of Condensed-Matter Physics 1 Electronic Structure and Properties of Matter INTRODUCTION ADVANCES IN ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE DETERMINATIONS MANY-ELECTRON EFFECTS QUANTIZED HALL EFFECT ELECTRON-HOLE DROPLETS ELECTRONICALLY ORDERED STATES DISORDERED SYSTEMS MIXED MEDIA CONDENSED MATTER AT HIGH PRESSURE OPPORTUNITIES 2 Structures and Vibrational Properties of Solids INTRODUCTION THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS MEASUREMENTS OF STRUCTURES AND PHONON SPECTRA PHONON TRANSPORT ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTIONS DISORDERED SOLIDS AND INCOMMENSURATE PHASES PHASE TRANSITIONS AND NONLINEAR EXCITATIONS OPPORTUNITIES 3 Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE CRITICAL PHENOMENA, AND WHY ARE THEY INTERESTING TO PHYSICISTS?EXAMPLES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS AND CRITICAL POINTS HISTORY WHAT DOES ONE MEASURE?WHAT DETERMINES THE UNIVERSALITY CLASS?EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATIONS OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS MULTICRITICAL POINTS SYSTEMS WITH ALMOST-BROKEN SYMMETRY Two-Dimensional Superfluid and XY Model Melting of a Two-Dimensional Crystal Smectic A-to-Nematic Transition QUENCHED DISORDER PERCOLATION AND THE METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITION IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS FIRST-ORDER TRANSITIONS OUTLOOK 4 Magnetism INTRODUCTION MAGNETIC INSULATORS Low-Dimensional Systems Critical Phenomena METALLIC MAGNETS Transition-Metal Ferromagnets Rare-Earth and Actinide Magnets DISORDERED SYSTEMS Introduction Disordered Ferromagnets, Antiferromagnets, and Paramagnets Spin Glasses COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN MAGNETISM FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 5 Semiconductors INTRODUCTION SURFACES AND INTERFACES DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS REDUCED DIMENSIONALITY IN SEMICONDUCTORS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTORS FUTURE PROSPECTS Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces SEMICONDUCTOR-SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES SEMICONDUCTOR-INSULATOR INTERFACES SEMICONDUCTOR-METAL INTERFACES Defects in Semiconductors Systems of Reduced Dimensionality QUANTIZED HALL EFFECT GROWTH TECHNIQUES AND LITHOGRAPHY SMALL STRUCTURES HETEROSTRUCTURES THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL WIGNER CRYSTAL 6 Defects and Diffusion INTRODUCTION NEW FIELDS FROM OLD: AN EXAMPLE Phase Microstructure and Phase Generation in Radiation Fields Surface and Near-Surface Probes Ion-Beam Microfabrication CALCULATIONS OF DEFECT STRUCTURE FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOMIC MOBILITY COMMENTS ON ACTIVE AREAS Point Defects in Simple Solids Surface Diffusion Photochemical Processes Molecular Dynamics Dislocation Motion in Glasses Defect Imaging at Atomic Resolution SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 7 Surfaces and Interfaces INTRODUCTION THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRYSTAL SURFACE SPECTROSCOPY AND ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS ON THE SURFACE INTERACTIONS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SOLIDS AND DENSE MEDIA THEORY OPPORTUNITIES 8 Low-Temperature Physics DEFINITION OF SUBFIELD QUANTUM FLUIDS Superfluid 3He NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN SUPERFLUID 3HE ULTRASOUND OTHER SOUND MODES DEFECTS SUPERFLUID FLOW AND HYDRODYNAMICS Novel Quantum Fluids MIXTURES OF 3HE IN 4HE SPIN-POLARIZED HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM LIQUID 4HE IN UNUSUAL GEOMETRIES ELECTRONS ON HELIUM SURFACES SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Nonequilibrium Superconductivity Novel Superconducting Materials Magnetic Superconductors High-Transition-Temperature, High-Magnetic-Field Materials The Josephson Effects QUANTUM CRYSTALS LOW-TEMPERATURE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 9 Liquid-State Physics CLASSICAL LIQUIDS Introduction Static Properties Dynamical Properties of Classical Liquids Colloidal Systems—Soap Solutions LIQUID CRYSTALS What Are Liquid Crystals?Why Are Liquid Crystals Interesting?Major Advances OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE WORK 10 Polymers INTRODUCTION RESEARCH PROBLEMS Amorphous State—Solutions and Melts Glass Elastomers, Gels, Cross-linked Networks Polymer Crystals Electrical Properties Other Polymer Properties OPPORTUNITIES 11 Nonlinear Dynamics, Instabilities, and Chaos INTRODUCTION MAJOR ADVANCES A New Paradigm New Experimental Methods Routes to Chaos Dynamical Systems Theory of the Routes to Turbulence Dynamical Systems Analysis of Experiments Nonlinear Stability Theory Pattern Evolution Instabilities in Other Dissipative Systems Nonlinear Dynamics of Conservative Systems General Remarks CURRENT FRONTIERS Bifurcation Sequences Patterns Numerical Simulations Experimental Methods Transition from Weak to Fully Developed Turbulence Conservative Systems Nonequilibrium Systems New Directions Appendixes B New Experimental Techniques C New Materials INTRODUCTION NEW MATERIALS IN THE LAST DECADE One- and Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Chalcogenides Materials with Open-Crystal Structures The Magnetic Superconductors Organic Conductors New Superconductors Glasses Artificially Structured Materials IMPACT OF NEW SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES ON CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS Thin Metallic Films Epitaxial Materials Metallic Superlattices Materials Modification Filamentary Materials Metal Clusters MAJOR CONCERNS PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE D Laser Spectroscopy of Condensed Matter INTRODUCTION ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE PAST DECADE Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy TWO-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY HOLE BURNING IN INHOMOGENEOUSLY BROADENED SPECTRA OTHER NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES Transient Optical Spectroscopy Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy PICOSECOND LASER SPECTROSCOPY FEMTOSECOND LASER SPECTROSCOPY SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH E National Facilities INTRODUCTION SYNCHROTRON RADIATION RESEARCH Introduction Summary of Present Synchrotron Facilities in the United States Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source CHESS)National Synchrotron Light Source NSLS)Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory SSRL)Synchrotron Radiation Center SRC)Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility SURF)Research Highlights of the Past Decade Future Directions in Synchrotron Research NEUTRON-SCATTERING FACILITIES Description of Existing U.S. Facilities Research Highlights of the 1970s Future Directions Epithermal Neutrons Neutron Guides High-Resolution Spectroscopy Interferometry Growth of the Neutron User Community HIGH-MAGNETIC-FIELDS FACILITIES Description of U.S. Facilities Research Highlights of the 1970s Opportunities FACILITIES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Introduction Description of U.S. Facilities Advances of the Past Decade in Electron Microscopy Outlook for the Future Contributors to This Volume PART I CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 11 APPENDIX D APPENDIX E Index

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